It would therefore seem correct to speak of the malignant phase of hypertension and to relate this to the underlying malady whether this be essential hypertension, pyelonephritis or the like. Antihypertensive therapy to prevent recurrent stroke or transient ischemic attack view in chinese. Hypertension is another name for high blood pressure. Bhhypertension that runs a relatively long and symptomless course, as many as 90% to 95% of all cases of hypertension are benign primary or essential hypertension. What basically happens in essential hypertension is that the arterioles render unusual resistance to blood flow. A diagnosis of hypertension is made when blood pressure reaches or exceeds 14090 mmhg read as 140 over 90 millimetres of mercury. Essential hypertension is high blood pressure that doesnt have a known cause. This article also examines benign hypertension definition, symptoms and treatment.
In addition, roughly half of hypertensive individuals do not have adequate blood pressure control. Including etiology of hypertension such as smoking. Hypertension may be primary, which may develop as a result of environmental or genetic causes, or secondary, which has multiple etiologies, including renal, vascular, and endocrine causes. The inheritance of hypertension has been debated for many years since pickering and platt clashed over the form of the blood pressure distribution. The cause of the primary, benign or essential hypertension htn is mostly unknown. Association of dioxin and dioxinlike congeners with. Pathophysiology of hypertension htn, high blood pressure. What is the difference between primary essential and. Primary hypertension is also known as essential hypertension or idiopathic hypertension. Patients may experience few or no symptoms of hypertension at the beginning of the. Multiple factors modulate blood pressure bp for adequate. The other kind of hypertension is secondary hypertension. Research of benign essential hypertension disorder has been linked to essential hypertension, hypertensive disease, hyperaldosteronism, renal hypertension, malignant hypertension.
Clinical guidelines for the management of hypertensionedited by oussama m. This is the reason why many disorders can occur and they can not be easily included in a single scheme. The pathogenesis of essential hypertension is multifactorial and highly complex. Can drug therapy be discontinued in wellcontrolled hypertension. Benign essential hypertension benign essential hypertension can be considered to be essential hypertension in the early stages. Essential hypertension also called idiopathic hypertension is the form of hypertension that by definition has no identifiable cause. Rare, genetic forms of hypertension are caused by mutations in particular genes, many of which help control the balance of fluids and salts in the body and affect blood pressure. Hypertension cardiovascular disorders merck manuals. Essential tremor essential tremor is characterized by a postural andor kinetic tremor and is one of the most common tremor disorders in the world. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of hypertension oxford medicine. For most adults, theres no identifiable cause of high blood pressure. Hypertension is caused by increased cardiac output andor increased. Choice of drug therapy in primary essential hypertension view in chinese.
The observation that many cases of hypertension had no clinical evidence of kidney disease and was often asymptomatic led to the term benign hypertension. Genetic factor may play an important role in the development of essential hypertension. The primary, essential or benign hypertension is the commonest form of high blood pressure. Tailoring drug therapy to the pathophysiology of the patients hypertension 4,5. After adjustments for age, tobacco use, alcohol use, race, and bmi but not salt intake, family history of hypertension, psychiatric health, or diabetes mellitus dm comorbidity, the or of selfreported, physiciandiagnosed hypertension was 1. Secondary hypertension is high blood pressure that has an identifiable cause, such as kidney disease. During recent decades the importance of perceiving isolated systolic hypertension ish in cardiovascular pathophysiology has been changed from a benign condition to the major cardiovascular risk. Hypertension and chronic kidney disease ckd are closely interlinked pathophysiologic states, such that sustained hypertension can lead to worsening kidney function and progressive decline in kidney function can conversely lead to worsening blood pressure bp control.
Primary or essential hypertension accounts for 9095% of adult cases, and secondary hypertension accounts for 210% of cases. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension iih, previously known as pseudotumor cerebri and benign intracranial hypertension, is a condition characterized by increased intracranial pressure pressure around the brain without a detectable cause. Pathophysiology and treatment international online. Download citation pathophysiology of essential hypertension. Benign hypertension american urological association. Usually, no symptoms develop unless hypertension is severe or longstanding. The term essential hypertension refers to high blood pressure that has no direct cause, although it may be due to heredity or lifestyle factors, states mdguidelines. It is the most common type of hypertension, affecting 95% of hypertensive patients. In benign, essential hypertension, vascular damage is chronic, and its most important pressureraising influence is sodium retention. Definition, risk factors, and evaluation of resistant hypertension view in chinese. Benign hypertension includes primary essential hypertension and secondary hypertension. Essential hypertension is also called primary or idiopathic hypertension.
Malignant hypertension an overview sciencedirect topics. The pathogenesis of malignant hypertension circulation. Doctors classify hypertension into two namely primary hypertension which is. Hypertension is a condition where the blood pressure is constantly higher than what it should be. In turn, the hypertension itself damages renal vessels, so there is a vicious cycle. The term benign referring to this condition is a misnomer because of what it implies.
A small number of patients between 2% and 5% have an underlying renal or adrenal disease as the cause for their raised blood pressure. The term benign is only used in order to distinguish this type of hypertension from another. It can lead to severe health complications and increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and sometimes death. Hypertension is a common and increasing public health problem that is estimated to cause as many premature deaths worldwide as tobacco smoking. Hypertension pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Benign essential hypertension can be considered to be essential hypertension in the early stages. Benign hypertension malignant hypertension renovascular hypertension. Pathophysiology of hypertension secondary hypertension h.
The remaining cases of hypertension are secondary hypertension. Hypertension types, pathophysiology, explain blood pressure. If there is more blood andor smaller arteries, naturally the pressure will be higher. In the remainder, however, no clear single identifiable cause is found and their condition is labelled essential hypertension. This type of high blood pressure, called primary essential hypertension, tends to develop gradually over many years. There is a strong positive and continuous correlation between bp and the risk of cvd stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, renal disease, and mortality, even in the normotensive range. Benign bone tumors, similarly, have a higher prevalence than malignant bone tumors. Data also show an increasing burden of hypertensionrelated cardiovascular disease cvd that accounts for a significant increase in the number of dalys. Genetics and pathophysiology of essential hypertension 4 mechanisms can not be isolated, and are probably more complex. The kidney is both the contributing and the target organ of the hypertensive processes, and the disease involves the interaction of multiple organ systems and numerous mechanisms of independent or interdependent pathways.
When someone has higher pressure for an extended period of time, it begins to cause. Primary essential hypertension is diagnosed in the absence of an identifiable secondary cause. Bp is a quantitative trait that is highly variable 1. Benign hypertension is essential hypertension that lasts for a longer period of time and causes no symptoms and signs. Renal tumors in familial syndromes renovascular diseases.
Benign growths are extremely common, with 9 out of 10 women showing benign breast tissue changes. Term benign hypertension is usually slight to moderate severity and of long duration. Hypertension with an identified cause secondary hypertension is usually due to sleep apnea, chronic kidney disease, or primary aldosteronism. The pathophysiology of hypertension is an area which attempts to explain mechanistically the causes of hypertension, which is a chronic disease characterized by elevation of blood pressure. The kidney is both the contributing and the target organ of the hypertensive processes,and the disease involves the interaction of multiple organ systems and numerous mechanisms of independent or interdependent pathways. More than 90% of individuals with hypertension have essential hypertension. The exact cause is unknown although the disease mechanism has been established to a large degree and a variety of hypotheses exists as to why it occurs. Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of essential tremor. Essential hypertension pathogenesis and pathophysiology. In malignant hypertension, the vascular damage is acute, and renin release is a very important part of the pressure increase. Benign nephrosclerosis is the term applied to the renal changes. This is marked by a loss of elastic tissue and arteriosclerotic changes in the aorta and larger vessels, coupled with decreased caliber of the arterioles. In this state, the condition will generally be symptomless and develop very slowly.
Etiology of hypertension refers to the causes of high blood pressure. Hypertension clinical features and investigations pharmaceutical. It accounts for about 80 90 percent of all the diagnosed cases of high blood pressure around the world. The main symptoms are headache, vision problems, ringing in the ears with the heartbeat, and shoulder pain. Subsequently the complexity raises the possibility that undesired anomalies will develop. To better understand what causes hypertension there is need to visit the common classification of hypertension. The condition can be normally classified as essential or secondary. Pathophysiology is a branch of medicine which explains the function of the body as it relates to diseases and conditions. Primary or essential hypertension accounts for 9095% of adult cases, and secondary hypertension accounts for 210%. About benign hypertension cardiovascular disorders and. There is currently only one fda approved medication, propranol, for its treatment. From another perspective, hypertension may be categorized as either essential or secondary. In benign hypertension, the major changes are in the small arteries and arterioles especially in the kidney. When essential hypertension remains in its early stages for a prolonged period of time and without a specific known cause, it is known as benign essential hypertension.
The pathogenesis of essential hypertension is multifactorial and complex. The very term benign does not mean that this type of hypertension is not associated with damage to certain organs and organs systems. It is currently seen as a complex genetic trait caused by multiple susceptibility genes the effects of which are modulated by gene. Growing evidence suggests that the pathophysiology of hypertension results from complex. The causes of hypertension are not readily known in the case of essential hypertension. It has been proved tha thypertension can be reversed from the malignant to the benign phase by measures which reduce the arterial pressure. Benign mesenchymal tumors renal sarcomas lymphoma secondary tumors renal tumors in familial syndromes. High blood pressure hypertension symptoms and causes. The pathophysiology of hypertension in ckd is complex and is a sequela of multiple. Hypertension where there is no underlying medical cause is termed primary or essential hypertension.
Hypertension occurs when the force of blood is stronger than it should be normally. Most cases of high blood pressure are classified as essential hypertension. Hypertension can be classified by cause as either essential also. Htn accounting for 95% and 5% of hypertensive patients respectively. Essential hypertension is an escalating problem for industrialized populations. The global prevalence of hypertension is high, and among nonpregnant adults in the united states, treatment of hypertension is the most common reason for office visits and for the use of chronic prescription medications. It is still important to seek treatment after a diagnosis of benign essential hypertension. Secondary hypertension causes are known and may include underlying medical conditions such as heart disease or kidney and liver diseases. Blood pressure is essentially the amount of blood the heart pumps, as well as the resistance to blood flow in the actual arteries. The pathological changes in blood vessels observed in primary essential hypertension are similar to those seen in secondary hypertension due to renal disease or other causes. The causes of essential hypertension, however, are. Get information on risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and more.
Cancer is synonymous with neoplasia, a type of tissue growth that continues despite the absence of stimulus see types of tissue growth below differentiation. What is the pathogenesis of essential hypertension high blood. This form of hypertension cannot be cured, but it can be controlled. Essential or primary hypertension occurs when the condition has no known cause. There is still much uncertainty about the pathophysiology of hypertension. This is a report of a study of 100 cases of benign essential hypertension followed personally by us for 10 to 34 years. Secondary hypertension results from other disorders that raise blood pressure in addition to other problems. When there is no demonstrable underlying cause of hypertension, the condition is classified as essential hypertension. In essential hypertension the cause is generally unknown while the secondary type. The study of benign essential hypertension disorder has been mentioned in research publications which can be found using our bioinformatics tool below.